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In recent years, naturally occurring and anthropogenic pyrogenic carbon (P圜) in the environment have become a prominent area of research across scientific disciplines ( Zhu et al., 2005 Hammes et al., 2007 Ding et al., 2014 Lehmann and Joseph, 2015 Alam et al., 2016), and yet, to date, there has been little effort to provide a broad ranging synthesis of this unique material that transcends individual disciplines and ecosystems ( Sohi et al., 2010 Hart and Luckai, 2013). In this mini-review, we explore the function of P圜 in natural and semi-natural settings, provide a mechanistic approach to understanding these functions, and examine examples of such mechanisms in published literature. Adsorption capacity and microsite conditions created by P圜 yields a “charosphere” effect in soil with heightened microbial activity in the vicinity of P圜. The high surface area of P圜 allows for the adsorption a broad spectrum of organic compounds that directly or indirectly influence microbial processes after fire events. Existing literature also suggests that P圜 provides an essential role in the cycling of certain nutrients, greatly extending the timeframe by which fires influence soil processes and facilitating recovery in ecosystems where organic matter inputs are low and post-fire surface soil bacterial and fungal activity is reduced. The rapid formation of P圜 during wildfire or anthropogenic fire events short-circuits the normally tortuous pathway of recalcitrant soil C formation. This attribute allows it to persist in soils for hundreds to thousands of years and represent net ecosystem C sequestration in fire-maintained ecosystems. The uniquely recalcitrant nature of P圜 in soils is partly a result of its stable C = C double-bonded, graphene-like structure and C-rich, N-poor composition. Recent advances in molecular spectroscopic techniques have helped strengthen our understanding of P圜 as a ubiquitous, complex material that is capable of altering soil chemical, physical, and biological properties and processes. Although an exceptional number of recent review articles and books have addressed agricultural soil application of charcoal or biochar, few reviews have addressed the functional role of naturally formed P圜 in fire-maintained ecosystems.
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Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United Statesįire is an important driver of change in most forest, savannah, and prairie ecosystems and fire-altered organic matter, or pyrogenic carbon (P圜), conveys numerous functions in soils of fire-maintained terrestrial ecosystems. 1Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
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